Restored coastal wetlands with low degree of separation and high patch connectivity attract more birds

Coastal wetlands, the major component of coastal ecotones with indispensable ecosystem services, are threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, resulting in continuous loss functions. wetland restoration can be implemented to deter losses; however, it is unclear whether could provide appropriate habitat for birds using on ecotones. Here, we utilize a newly restored as an example investigate impacts bird diversity, and test hypothesis - if reasonable pattern created, more will attracted, thereby helping decision-makers develop efficient sustainable strategies. We used Fragstats landscape analysis, derived variability different patterns independent sample T-test Mann-Whitney U test. The results suggested that exhibited positive effect attracting birds, total 70 species, 35 families, 15 orders being recorded over three-year period after restoration. Passeriformes main accounted 52.8% species. Additionally, waterbird i.e., Ciconiiformes Anseriformes, 24.67% number species wetlands increased annually, especially during overwintering breeding period. Furthermore, this study indicate water-centered mosaic-type consisting relatively low degree separation high patch connectivity was beneficial types birds. density, biodiversity index, evenness dominance index habitats were all higher than those even patches sharp boundaries. In particular, attracted migratory waterbirds such Anas zonorhyncha , Aix galericulata Mareca penelope Hydrophasianus chirurgus Emberiza pallasi Xenus cinereus Spatula querquedula which expanded range projects. This illustrated combined creation reference degraded ecosystems zones.